class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive effort in lizards ] .author[ ###
Dylan Padilla, Dale DeNardo & Michael Angilletta
June, 2022
dpadil10@asu.edu
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https://dylanpadilla.netlify.app/
] --- # Acknowledgements .pull-left[ <center> <p align="center"> <img float = "left" src = "images/shai-meiri.jpeg" width = "310" height = "210"><br> Shai Meiri <br> <img float = "right" src = "images/Mark-Oshea.jpeg" width = "250" height = "220"><br> Mark O'Shea </p> </center> ] .pull-right[ <center> <img float = "right" src = "images/Gustavo-Burin.png" width = "210" height = "220"><br> Gustavo Burin <br> <img float = "right" src = "images/Camila-Tabares.jpg" width = "180" height = "220"><br> Camila Tabares </center> ] --- # The foraging-mode paradigm .pull-left[ <p align="center"> <span style="color: red;" > Active foragers </span> </p> <center> <img float = "left" src = "images/cnemis.gif" width = "370" height = "210"> <img float = "right" src = "images/komodo.gif" width = "370" height = "220"> </center> ] .pull-right[ <p align="center"> <span style="color: red;" > Sit-and-wait foragers </span> </p> <center> <img float = "right" src = "images/sidewander.gif" width = "370" height = "220"> <img float = "left" src = "images/snapping-turtle.gif" width = "370" height = "210"> </center> ] --- # Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Functional reproductive volume <center> <img float = "center" src = "images/model1.jpg" width = "400" height = "380"> <p align = "center"> <span style = "color: red;" > Strategy 1: Sit-and-wait foragers; </span> <span style = "color: red;" > Strategy 2: active foragers </span> </p> <br> <center> Vitt and Congdon (1978) </center> --- # Sit-and-wait lizards evolved greater reproductive effort than did active-foraging lizards <center> <img float = "right" src = "images/vitt-results.jpg" width = "300" height = "390"> </center> <br> <center> Vitt and Congdon (1978) </center> --- <center> <img float = "right" src = "images/model2.jpg" width = "400" height = "500"> </center> <br> <center> Vitt and Price (1982) </center> --- # The long-standing prediction of a relationship between foraging mode and life-history traits is currently unsupported .pull-left[ <center> <br><br><br><br><br> <img float = "left" src = "images/mesquita.png" width = "500" height = "150"> </center> ] .pull-right[ <br><br> <center> <img float = "left" src = "images/no.gif"> </center> ] <br><br><br><br> <center> Mesquita et al. (2016) </center> --- # Data source and description of variables <img src = "images/Meiri-2018.jpeg" width = "700" height = "220"> - Hatchling mass - Offspring number - Female mass - Scaled-mass index <br><br> <center> \[Reproductive\; output=Hatchling\; size \times Offspring\; number \] </center> --- # Ancestral reconstruction of foraging mode <br> - We used a set of continuous-time, discrete-state Markov chain models to sample the character histories from their posterior probability distribution -- - We fitted three different models to our data, using the function `make.simmap` from the [`phytools` 📦](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phytools/index.html) of <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg>, v. 1.0.1 -- - We estimated the prior distribution on the root node of the tree (`pi = 'estimated'`) and sampled the transition matrix, `Q`, from its posterior distribution (`Q = 'mcmc'`). -- - We selected the most likely model of evolution based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) --- # Effects of maternal mass and foraging mode on reproductive output - We used PGLS to model the relationship among maternal mass, foraging mode and reproductive output through the `gls` function from the [`nlme` 📦](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.html) of <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg>, v. 3.1.153 -- - The slope of the linear relationship can be interpreted as reproductive effort—proportion of mass allocated to reproduction—which enabled us to avoid statistical issues associated with the analysis of ratios -- - Models in which maternal mass was standardized (M) enabled us to deal with outliers, thus increasing the robustness of our conclusions --- # Sit-and-wait foraging is the most likely ancestral state <center> <img src = "images/Figure2.jpeg" width = "580" height = "580"> </center> --- # Foraging mode is conserved among lizards <center> <img src = "images/Figure2.jpeg" width = "580" height = "580"> </center> --- # The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards was driven by an interaction between maternal mass and foraging mode <center> <img src = "images/Figure3.jpeg" width = "590" height = "490"> </center> --- Our analysis provides evidence that widely-foraging lizards have evolved greater reproductive effort, but only in heavier species. Food consumption may play an important role: <br> .pull-left[ <center> <img src = "images/follicle.jpeg" width = "320" height = "290"> Promoting follicular growth ] .pull-right[ <center> <img src = "images/fat.png" width = "390" height = "290"><br/> Increasing energy stores to initiate reproduction </center> ] --- Our analysis provides evidence that widely-foraging lizards have evolved greater reproductive effort, but only in heavier species. Food consumption may play an important role: <br> <center> <img src = "images/age.png" width = "390" height = "290"><br> Reducing age at first reproduction </center> --- <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Concluding remarks <br> - The early shift in foraging mode—from sit-and-wait foraging to widely foraging—in the evolutionary history of lacertilians was likely accompanied by the evolution of a greater reproductive effort, specifically in large-bodied species of lizards <br> - Importantly, our study captured the effects of foraging plasticity on the reproductive effort of lizards. For instance, lizards that adopt a mixed-foraging strategy produced the greatest reproductive effort .pull-left[ <center> <br><br> Find the paper here 👉 </center> ] .pull-right[ <img src = "images/qrcode.png" width = "200" height = "200"> ]